衰败经注
Parābhavasuttavaṇṇanā
Evaṃ me sutan ti Parābhavasuttaṃ. Kā uppatti? Maṅgalasuttaṃ kira sutvā devānaṃ etad ahosi “Bhagavatā Maṅgalasutte sattānaṃ vuḍḍhiñ ca sotthiñ ca kathayamānena ekaṃsena bhavo eva kathito no parābhavo, handa dāni yena sattā parihāyanti vinassanti, taṃ nesaṃ parābhavam pi pucchāmā” ti. Atha Maṅgalasuttaṃ kathitadivasato dutiyadivase dasasahassa-cakkavāḷesu devatāyo Parābhavasuttaṃ sotukāmā imasmiṃ eka-cakkavāḷe sannipatitvā eka-vālaggakoṭi-okāsamatte dasa pi vīsam pi tiṃsam pi cattālīsam pi paññāsam pi saṭṭhi pi sattati pi asīti pi sukhumattabhāve nimminitvā sabba-deva-māra-brahmāno siriyā ca tejena ca adhigayha virocamānaṃ paññatta-varabuddhāsane nisinnaṃ Bhagavantaṃ parivāretvā aṭṭhaṃsu. Tato Sakkena devānam Indena āṇatto aññataro devaputto Bhagavantaṃ parābhavapañhaṃ pucchi. Atha Bhagavā pucchāvasena imaṃ suttam abhāsi.
Tattha “evaṃ me sutan” ti ādi āyasmatā Ānandena vuttaṃ, “parābhavantaṃ purisan” ti ādinā nayena ekantarikā gāthā devaputtena vuttā, “suvijāno bhavaṃ hotī” ti ādinā nayena ekantarikā eva avasānagāthā ca Bhagavatā vuttā, tad etaṃ sabbam pi samodhānetvā “Parābhavasuttan” ti vuccati. Tattha “evaṃ me sutan” ti ādīsu yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ sabbaṃ Maṅgalasuttavaṇṇanāyaṃ vakkhāma.
91
Parābhavantaṃ purisan ti ādīsu pana parābhavantan ti parihāyantaṃ vinassantaṃ. Purisan ti yaṃ kiñci sattaṃ jantuṃ. Mayaṃ pucchāma Gotamā ti sesadevehi saddhiṃ attānaṃ nidassetvā okāsaṃ kārento so devaputto gottena Bhagavantaṃ ālapati. Bhavantaṃ puṭṭhum āgammā ti mayañ hi bhavantaṃ pucchissāmā ti tato tato cakkavāḷā āgatā ti attho, etena ādaraṃ dasseti.
Kiṃ parābhavato mukhan ti evaṃ āgatānaṃ amhākaṃ brūhi parābhavato purisassa kiṃ mukhaṃ, kiṃ dvāraṃ, kā yoni, kiṃ kāraṇaṃ, yena mayaṃ parābhavantaṃ purisaṃ jāneyyāmā ti attho. Etena “parābhavantaṃ purisan” ti ettha vuttassa parābhavato purisassa parābhavakāraṇaṃ pucchati, parābhavakāraṇe hi ñāte tena kāraṇasāmaññena sakkā yo koci parābhavapuriso jānitun ti.
92
Ath’assa Bhagavā suṭṭhu pākaṭīkaraṇatthaṃ paṭipakkhaṃ dassetvā puggalādhiṭṭhānāya desanāya parābhavamukhaṃ dīpento āha “suvijāno bhavan” ti. Tass’attho yvāyaṃ bhavaṃ vaḍḍhanto aparihāyanto puriso, so suvijāno hoti, sukhena akasirena akicchena sakkā vijānituṃ. Yo pāyaṃ parābhavatī ti parābhavo, parihāyati vinassati, yassa tumhe parābhavato purisassa mukhaṃ maṃ pucchatha, so pi suvijāno.
Kathaṃ? Ayañ hi dhammakāmo bhavaṃ hoti dasakusalakammapathadhammaṃ kāmeti, piheti, pattheti, suṇāti, paṭipajjati, so taṃ paṭipattiṃ disvā sutvā ca jānitabbato suvijāno hoti. Itaro pi dhammadessī parābhavo, tam eva dhammaṃ dessati, na kāmeti, na piheti, na pattheti, na suṇāti, na paṭipajjati, so taṃ vippaṭipattiṃ disvā sutvā ca jānitabbato suvijāno hotī ti. Evam ettha Bhagavā paṭipakkhaṃ dassento atthato dhammakāmataṃ bhavato mukhaṃ dassetvā dhammadessitaṃ parābhavato mukhaṃ dassetī ti veditabbaṃ.
93
Atha sā devatā Bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandamānā āha “iti h’etan” ti. Tass’attho iti hi yathā vutto Bhagavatā, tath’eva etaṃ vijānāma gaṇhāma dhārema paṭhamo so parābhavo so dhammadessitālakkhaṇo paṭhamo parābhavo, yāni mayaṃ parābhavamukhāni vijānituṃ āgatamhā, tesu idaṃ tāva ekaṃ parābhavamukhan ti vuttaṃ hoti. Tattha viggaho: parābhavanti etenā ti parābhavo. Kena ca parābhavanti? Yaṃ parābhavato mukhaṃ kāraṇaṃ, tena. Byañjanamattena eva hi ettha nānākaraṇaṃ, atthato pana parābhavo ti vā parābhavato mukhan ti vā nānākaraṇaṃ natthi.
Evam ekaṃ parābhavato mukhaṃ vijānāmā ti abhinanditvā tato paraṃ ñātukāmatāyāha “dutiyaṃ Bhagavā brūhi, kiṃ parābhavato mukhan” ti. Ito parañ ca tatiyaṃ catutthan ti ādīsu pi iminā va nayen’attho veditabbo.
94
Byākaraṇapakkhe pi ca yasmā te te sattā tehi tehi parābhavamukhehi samannāgatā, na eko yeva sabbehi, na ca sabbe eken’eva, tasmā tesaṃ tesaṃ tāni tāni parābhavamukhāni dassetuṃ “asantassa piyā hontī” ti ādinā nayena puggalādhiṭṭhānāya eva desanāya nānāvidhāni parābhavamukhāni byākāsī ti veditabbā.
Tatrāyaṃ saṅkhepato atthavaṇṇanā asanto nāma cha satthāro, ye vā pan’aññe pi avūpasantena kāya-vacī-mano-kammena samannāgatā, te asanto assa piyā honti Sunakkhattādīnaṃ acelaka-Korakhattiyādayo viya. Santo nāma buddha-paccekabuddha-sāvakā, ye vā pan’aññe pi vūpasantena kāya-vacī-mano-kammena samannāgatā, te sante na kurute piyaṃ, attano piye iṭṭhe kante manāpe na kurute ti attho. Veneyyavasena h’ettha vacanabhedo kato ti veditabbo.
Atha vā sante na kurute ti sante na sevatī ti attho, yathā “rājānaṃ sevatī” ti etasmiñ hi atthe rājānaṃ piyaṃ kurute ti saddavidū mantenti. Piyan ti piyamāno, tussamāno, modamāno ti attho.
Asataṃ dhammo nāma dvāsaṭṭhi diṭṭhigatāni, dasākusalakammapathā vā. Taṃ asataṃ dhammaṃ roceti piheti pattheti sevati.
Evam etāya gāthāya asantapiyatā, santa-appiyatā, asaddhammarocanañ cā ti tividhaṃ parābhavato mukhaṃ vuttaṃ. Etena hi samannāgato puriso parābhavati parihāyati, neva idha na huraṃ vuḍḍhiṃ pāpuṇāti, tasmā “parābhavato mukhan” ti vuccati. Vitthāraṃ pan’ettha “asevanā ca bālānaṃ, paṇḍitānañ ca sevanā” ti gāthāvaṇṇanāyaṃ vakkhāma.
96
Niddāsīlī nāma yo gacchanto pi, nisīdanto pi, tiṭṭhanto pi, sayāno pi niddāyati yeva. Sabhāsīlī nāma saṅgaṇikārāmataṃ, bhassārāmatam anuyutto. Anuṭṭhātā ti vīriyatejavirahito uṭṭhānasīlo na hoti, aññehi codiyamāno 1 gahaṭṭho vā samāno gahaṭṭhakammaṃ, pabbajito vā pabbajitakammaṃ ārabhati.
Alaso ti jāti-alaso, accantābhibhūto thinena ṭhitaṭṭhāne ṭhito eva hoti, nisinnaṭṭhāne nisinno eva hoti, attano ussāhena aññaṃ iriyāpathaṃ na kappeti. Atīte araññe aggimhi uṭṭhite apalāyana-alasā c’ettha nidassanaṃ, ayam ettha ukkaṭṭha-paricchedo, tato lāmaka-paricchedenāpi pana alaso “alaso” tv eva veditabbo. Dhajo va rathassa, dhūmo va aggino, kodho paññāṇam assā ti kodhapaññāṇo, dosacarito khippakopī arukūpamacitto puggalo evarūpo hoti.
Imāya gāthāya niddāsīlatā, sabhāsīlatā, anuṭṭhānatā, alasatā, kodhapaññāṇatā ti pañcavidhaṃ parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ. Etena hi samannāgato neva gahaṭṭho gahaṭṭhavuḍḍhiṃ, na pabbajito pabbajitavuḍḍhiṃ pāpuṇāti, aññadatthu parihāyati yeva parābhavati yeva, tasmā “parābhavato mukhan” ti vuccati.
98
Mātā ti janikā veditabbā. Pitā ti janako yeva. Jiṇṇakaṃ sarīrasithilatāya. Gatayobbanaṃ yobbanātikkamena āsītikaṃ vā nāvutikaṃ vā sayaṃ kammāni kātum asamatthaṃ. Pahu santo ti samattho samāno sukhaṃ jīvamāno. Na bharatī ti na poseti.
Imāya gāthāya mātāpitūnaṃ abharaṇaṃ, aposanaṃ, anupaṭṭhānaṃ ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ. Etena hi samannāgato yaṃ taṃ
“Tāya naṃ pāricariyāya, mātāpitūsu paṇḍitā,
idh’eva naṃ pasaṃsanti, pecca sagge pamodatī” ti (itivu. 106; a. ni. 4.63)
mātāpitubharaṇe ānisaṃsaṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ na pāpuṇāti, aññadatthu “mātāpitaro pi na bharati, kaṃ aññaṃ bharissatī” ti nindañ ca vajjanīyatañ ca duggatiñ ca pāpuṇanto parābhavati yeva, tasmā “parābhavato mukhan” ti vuccati.
100
Pāpānaṃ bāhitattā brāhmaṇaṃ, samitattā samaṇaṃ, brāhmaṇakulappabhavam pi vā brāhmaṇaṃ, pabbajjupagataṃ samaṇaṃ, tato aññaṃ vā pi yaṃ kiñci yācanakaṃ. Musāvādena vañcetī ti “vada, bhante, paccayenā” ti pavāretvā yācito vā paṭijānitvā pacchā appadānena tassa taṃ āsaṃ visaṃvādeti.
Imāya gāthāya brāhmaṇādīnaṃ musāvādena vañcanaṃ ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ. Etena hi samannāgato idha nindaṃ, samparāye duggatiṃ sugatiyam pi adhippāyavipattiñ ca pāpuṇāti. Vuttañ h’etaṃ
“Dussīlassa sīlavipannassa pāpako kittisaddo abbhuggacchatī” ti (dī. ni. 2.149; a. ni. 5.213; mahāva. 285)
Tathā
“Catūhi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato yathābhataṃ nikkhitto evaṃ niraye. Katamehi catūhi? Musāvādī hotī” ti (a. ni. 4.82)
ādi. Tathā
“Idha, Sāriputta, ekacco samaṇaṃ vā brāhmaṇaṃ vā upasaṅkamitvā pavāreti ‘vada, bhante, paccayenā’ ti, so yena pavāreti, taṃ na deti, so ce tato cuto itthattaṃ āgacchati, so yaṃ yad eva vaṇijjaṃ payojeti, sāssa hoti chedagāminī. Idha pana Sāriputta…pe… so yena pavāreti, na taṃ yathādhippāyaṃ deti, so ce tato cuto itthattaṃ āgacchati, so yaṃ yad eva vaṇijjaṃ payojeti, sāssa na hoti yathādhippāyā” ti (a. ni. 4.79)
Evam imāni nindādīni pāpuṇanto parābhavati yeva, tasmā “parābhavato mukhan” ti vuttaṃ.
102
Pahūtavitto ti pahūta-jātarūpa-rajata-maṇi-ratano. Sahirañño ti sakahāpaṇo. Sabhojano ti aneka-sūpabyañjana-bhojana-sampanno. Eko bhuñjati sādūnī ti sādūni bhojanāni attano puttānam pi adatvā paṭicchannokāse bhuñjatī ti eko bhuñjati sādūni.
Imāya gāthāya bhojana-giddhatāya bhojana-macchariyaṃ ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ. Etena hi samannāgato nindaṃ vajjanīyaṃ duggatin ti evam ādīni pāpuṇanto parābhavati yeva, tasmā “parābhavato mukhan” ti vuttaṃ. Vuttanayen’eva sabbaṃ suttānusārena yojetabbaṃ, ativitthārabhayena pana idāni yojanā-nayaṃ adassetvā atthamattam eva bhaṇāma.
104
Jātitthaddho nāma yo “ahaṃ jātisampanno” ti mānaṃ janetvā tena thaddho vātapūritabhastā viya uddhumāto hutvā na kassaci onamati. Esa nayo dhana-gottatthaddhesu. Saññātiṃ atimaññetī ti attano ñātim pi jātiyā atimaññati Sakyā viya Viṭaṭūbhaṃ2, dhanenāpi ca “kapaṇo ayaṃ daliddo” ti atimaññati, sāmīcimattam pi na karoti, tassa te ñātayo parābhavam eva icchanti. Imāya gāthāya vatthuto catubbidhaṃ, lakkhaṇato ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ.
106
Itthidhutto ti itthīsu sāratto, yaṃ kiñci atthi, taṃ sabbam pi datvā aparāparaṃ itthiṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Tathā sabbam pi attano santakaṃ nikkhipitvā surā-pāna-payutto surādhutto, nivatthasāṭakam pi nikkhipitvā jūtakīḷanam anuyutto akkhadhutto. Etehi tīhi ṭhānehi yaṃ kiñci pi laddhaṃ hoti, tassa vināsanato laddhaṃ laddhaṃ vināsetī ti veditabbo. Evaṃvidho parābhavati yeva, ten’ass’etaṃ imāya gāthāya tividhaṃ parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ.
108
Sehi dārehī ti attano dārehi. Yo attano dārehi asantuṭṭho hutvā vesiyāsu padussati, tathā paradāresu, so yasmā vesīnaṃ dhanappadānena paradārasevanena ca rājadaṇḍādīhi parābhavati yeva, ten’ass’etaṃ imāya gāthāya duvidhaṃ parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ.
110
Atītayobbano ti yobbanam aticca āsītiko vā nāvutiko vā hutvā āneti pariggaṇhāti. Timbarutthanin ti timbaru-phala-sadisa-tthaniṃ taruṇadārikaṃ. Tassā issā na supatī ti “daharāya mahallakena saddhiṃ rati ca saṃvāso ca amanāpo, mā h’eva kho taruṇaṃ pattheyyā” ti issāya taṃ rakkhanto na supati. So yasmā kāmarāgena ca issāya ca ḍayhanto bahiddhā kammante ca appayojento parābhavati yeva, ten’ass’etaṃ imāya gāthāya imaṃ issāya asupanaṃ ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ.
112
Soṇḍin ti maccha-maṃsādīsu3 lolaṃ gedhajātikaṃ. Vikiraṇin ti tesaṃ atthāya dhanaṃ paṃsukaṃ viya vikiritvā nāsanasīlaṃ. Purisaṃ vā pi tādisan ti puriso vā pi yo evarūpo hoti, taṃ yo issariyasmiṃ ṭhapeti, lañchana-muddikādīni datvā gharāvāse kammante vā vaṇijjādi-vohāresu vā tad eva vāvaṭaṃ kāreti4. So yasmā tassa dosena dhanakkhayaṃ pāpuṇanto parābhavati yeva, ten’ass’etaṃ imāya gāthāya tathāvidhassa issariyasmiṃ ṭhapanaṃ ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ.
114
Appabhogo nāma sannicitānañ ca bhogānaṃ āyamukhassa ca abhāvato. Mahātaṇho ti mahatiyā bhogataṇhāya samannāgato, yaṃ laddhaṃ tena asantuṭṭho. Khattiye jāyate kule ti khattiyānaṃ kule jāyati. So ca rajjaṃ patthayatī ti so etāya mahātaṇhatāya anupāyena uppaṭipāṭiyā attano dāyajjabhūtaṃ alabbhaneyyaṃ vā parasantakaṃ rajjaṃ pattheti, so evaṃ patthento yasmā tam pi appakaṃ bhogaṃ yodhājīvādīnaṃ datvā rajjaṃ apāpuṇanto parābhavati yeva, ten’ass’etaṃ imāya gāthāya rajjapatthanaṃ ekaṃ yeva parābhavamukhaṃ vuttaṃ.
115
Ito paraṃ yadi sā devatā “terasamaṃ Bhagavā brūhi…pe… satasahassimaṃ Bhagavā brūhī” ti puccheyya, tam pi Bhagavā katheyya. Yasmā pana sā devatā “kiṃ imehi pucchitehi, ekam ettha vuḍḍhikaraṃ natthī” ti tāni parābhavamukhāni asuyyamānā5 ettakam pi pucchitvā vippaṭisārī hutvā tuṇhī ahosi, tasmā Bhagavā tassāsayaṃ viditvā desanaṃ niṭṭhāpento imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsi “ete parābhave loke” ti.
Tattha paṇḍito ti parivīmaṃsāya samannāgato. Samavekkhiyā ti paññācakkhunā upaparikkhitvā. Ariyo ti na maggena, na phalena, api ca kho pana etasmiṃ parābhavasaṅkhāte anaye na iriyatī ti ariyo. Yena dassanena yāya paññāya parābhave disvā vivajjeti, tena sampannattā dassanasampanno. Sa lokaṃ bhajate sivan ti so evarūpo sivaṃ khemam uttamam anupaddavaṃ devalokaṃ bhajati, allīyati upagacchatī ti vuttaṃ hoti.
Desanāpariyosāne parābhavamukhāni sutvā uppannasaṃvegānurūpaṃ yoniso padahitvā sotāpatti-sakadāgāmi-anāgāmiphalāni pattā devatā gaṇanaṃ vītivattā. Yathāha
“Mahāsamayasutte ca, atho Maṅgalasuttake,
Samacitte Rāhulovāde, Dhammacakke Parābhave.
“Devatāsamitī tattha, appameyyā asaṅkhiyā6,
dhammābhisamayo c’ettha, gaṇanāto asaṅkhiyo” ti.
Parābhavasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.