法的继承者经

Dhamma­dāyāda­ Sutta ^↗

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如是我闻。一时世尊住舍卫国祇树给孤独园。尔时，世尊告诸比丘：「诸比丘！」「大德！」诸比丘答世尊。世尊说：

Evaṃ me sutaṃ— ekaṃ samayaṃ Bhagavā Sāvatthiyaṃ viharati Jetavane Anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tatra kho Bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi: “bhikkhavo” ti. “Bhadante” ti te bhikkhū Bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etad avoca:

「诸比丘！你们当成为我的法的继承者，而不是财的继承者。出于对你们的慈悲：『我的弟子们当如何成为法的继承者，而不是财的继承者？』

“Dhammadāyādā me, bhikkhave, bhavatha, mā āmisadāyādā. Atthi me tumhesu anukampā: ‘kinti me sāvakā dhammadāyādā bhaveyyuṃ, no āmisadāyādā’ ti.

「诸比丘！若你们成为我的财的继承者而不是法的继承者，你们会被指摘：『大师的弟子们是财的继承者，而不是法的继承者』，我也会被指摘：『大师的弟子们是财的继承者，而不是法的继承者』。

Tumhe ca me, bhikkhave, āmisadāyādā bhaveyyātha no dhammadāyādā, tumhe pi tena ādiyā bhaveyyātha: ‘āmisadāyādā satthusāvakā viharanti, no dhammadāyādā’ ti; aham pi tena ādiyo bhaveyyaṃ: ‘āmisadāyādā satthusāvakā viharanti, no dhammadāyādā’ ti.

「诸比丘！若你们成为我的法的继承者而不是财的继承者，你们不会被指摘：『大师的弟子们是法的继承者，而不是财的继承者』，我也不会被指摘：『大师的弟子们是法的继承者，而不是财的继承者』。

Tumhe ca me, bhikkhave, dhammadāyādā bhaveyyātha, no āmisadāyādā, tumhe pi tena na ādiyā bhaveyyātha: ‘dhammadāyādā satthusāvakā viharanti, no āmisadāyādā’ ti; aham pi tena na ādiyo bhaveyyaṃ: ‘dhammadāyādā satthusāvakā viharanti, no āmisadāyādā’ ti.

「因此，诸比丘！你们当成为我的法的继承者，而不是财的继承者。出于对你们的慈悲：『我的弟子们当如何成为法的继承者，而不是财的继承者？』

Tasmāt iha me, bhikkhave, dhammadāyādā bhavatha, mā āmisadāyādā. Atthi me tumhesu anukampā: ‘kinti me sāvakā dhammadāyādā bhaveyyuṃ, no āmisadāyādā’ ti.

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「诸比丘！假如我已食讫、已满足，多余的食物将要被丢弃。此时有两个饥饿、羸弱的比丘到来。我对他们如是说：『诸比丘！我已食讫、已满足，多余的食物将要被丢弃。如果你们愿意，可以受用，如果你们不受用，我将丢到无草的地上，或投到无生物的水中。』

Idhāhaṃ, bhikkhave, bhuttāvī assaṃ pavārito paripuṇṇo pariyosito suhito yāvadattho; siyā ca me piṇḍapāto atirekadhammo chaḍḍanīyadhammo. Atha dve bhikkhū āgaccheyyuṃ jighacchādubbalyaparetā. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ: ‘ahaṃ kho’mhi, bhikkhave, bhuttāvī pavārito paripuṇṇo pariyosito suhito yāvadattho; atthi ca me ayaṃ piṇḍapāto atirekadhammo chaḍḍanīyadhammo. Sace ākaṅkhatha, bhuñjatha, no ce tumhe bhuñjissatha, idānāhaṃ appaharite vā chaḍḍessāmi, appāṇake vā udake opilāpessāmī’ ti.

「尔时，一个比丘想：『世尊已食讫、已满足，世尊多余的食物将要被丢弃。如果我们不受用，世尊将丢到无草的地上，或投到无生物的水中。但世尊曾说：「诸比丘！你们当成为我的法的继承者，而不是财的继承者。」这食物即是财的一种。我何不不受用这食物，饥饿、羸弱地度过这昼夜。』他便不受用那食物，饥饿、羸弱地度过那昼夜。

Tatr’ekassa bhikkhuno evam assa: ‘Bhagavā kho bhuttāvī pavārito paripuṇṇo pariyosito suhito yāvadattho; atthi cāyaṃ Bhagavato piṇḍapāto atirekadhammo chaḍḍanīyadhammo. Sace mayaṃ na bhuñjissāma, idāni Bhagavā appaharite vā chaḍḍessati, appāṇake vā udake opilāpessati. Vuttaṃ kho pan’etaṃ Bhagavatā: “dhammadāyādā me, bhikkhave, bhavatha, mā āmisadāyādā” ti. Āmisaññataraṃ kho pan’etaṃ, yad idaṃ piṇḍapāto. Yannūnāhaṃ imaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ abhuñjitvā imināva jighacchādubbalyena evaṃ imaṃ rattindivaṃ vītināmeyyan’ ti. So taṃ piṇḍapātaṃ abhuñjitvā ten’eva jighacchādubbalyena evaṃ taṃ rattindivaṃ vītināmeyya.

「此时第二个比丘想：『世尊已食讫、已满足，世尊多余的食物将要被丢弃。如果我们不受用，世尊将丢到无草的地上，或投到无生物的水中。我何不受用这食物，除去饥饿、羸弱而度过这昼夜。』他便受用那食物，除去饥饿、羸弱而度过那昼夜。

Atha dutiyassa bhikkhuno evam assa: ‘Bhagavā kho bhuttāvī pavārito paripuṇṇo pariyosito suhito yāvadattho; atthi cāyaṃ Bhagavato piṇḍapāto atirekadhammo chaḍḍanīyadhammo. Sace mayaṃ na bhuñjissāma, idāni Bhagavā appaharite vā chaḍḍessati, appāṇake vā udake opilāpessati. Yannūnāhaṃ imaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ bhuñjitvā jighacchādubbalyaṃ paṭivinodetvā evaṃ imaṃ rattindivaṃ vītināmeyyan’ ti. So taṃ piṇḍapātaṃ bhuñjitvā jighacchādubbalyaṃ paṭivinodetvā evaṃ taṃ rattindivaṃ vītināmeyya.

「诸比丘！虽然那比丘受用那食物，除去饥饿、羸弱而度过那昼夜，但对我来说，之前的那个比丘更值得尊敬、赞赏。这是什么原因？诸比丘！因为那比丘将长时地保持少欲、知足、简朴、易养、精进。

Kiñcāpi so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu taṃ piṇḍapātaṃ bhuñjitvā jighacchādubbalyaṃ paṭivinodetvā evaṃ taṃ rattindivaṃ vītināmeyya, atha kho asu yeva me purimo bhikkhu pujjataro ca pāsaṃsataro ca. Taṃ kissa hetu? Tañ hi tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno dīgharattaṃ appicchatāya santuṭṭhiyā sallekhāya subharatāya vīriyārambhāya saṃvattissati.

「因此，诸比丘！你们当成为我的法的继承者，而不是财的继承者。出于对你们的慈悲：『我的弟子们当如何成为法的继承者，而不是财的继承者？』」

Tasmāt iha me, bhikkhave, dhammadāyādā bhavatha, mā āmisadāyādā. Atthi me tumhesu anukampā: ‘kinti me sāvakā dhammadāyādā bhaveyyuṃ, no āmisadāyādā’” ti.

世尊说此已，善逝从座而起，进入住处。

Idam avoca Bhagavā. Idaṃ vatvāna Sugato uṭṭhāyāsanā vihāraṃ pāvisi.

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尔时，尊者舍利弗在世尊进入后不久告诸比丘：「朋友，诸比丘！」「朋友！」诸比丘答尊者舍利弗。尊者舍利弗说：

Tatra kho āyasmā Sāriputto acirapakkantassa Bhagavato bhikkhū āmantesi: “āvuso bhikkhave” ti. “Āvuso” ti kho te bhikkhū āyasmato Sāriputtassa paccassosuṃ. Āyasmā Sāriputto etad avoca:

「朋友！在何种意义上，大师独住而其弟子们不随学远离？在何种意义上，大师独住而其弟子们随学远离？」

“Kittāvatā nu kho, āvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṃ nānusikkhanti, kittāvatā ca pana Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekam anusikkhantī” ti?

「朋友！我们远来为从尊者舍利弗了解此说之义。善哉，尊者舍利弗能开显此说之义，诸比丘从尊者舍利弗闻已当忆持。」

“Dūrato pi kho mayaṃ, āvuso, āgacchāma āyasmato Sāriputtassa santike etassa bhāsitassa attham aññātuṃ. Sādhu vatāyasmantaṃ yeva Sāriputtaṃ paṭibhātu etassa bhāsitassa attho; āyasmato Sāriputtassa sutvā bhikkhū dhāressantī” ti.

「朋友！汝等谛听，善加作意，我将说法。」「唯然，朋友！」诸比丘答尊者舍利弗。尊者舍利弗说：

“Tena h’āvuso, suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasi karotha, bhāsissāmī” ti. “Evam āvuso” ti kho te bhikkhū āyasmato Sāriputtassa paccassosuṃ. Āyasmā Sāriputto etad avoca:

「朋友！在何种意义上，大师独住而其弟子们不随学远离？朋友！今有大师独住而其弟子们不随学远离，大师说要舍断的诸法，他们不舍断，他们奢侈、懈怠、趋向堕落、疏于远离。

“Kittāvatā nu kho, āvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṃ nānusikkhanti? Idh’āvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṃ nānusikkhanti, yesañ ca dhammānaṃ Satthā pahānam āha, te ca dhamme nappajahanti, bāhulikā ca honti, sāthalikā, okkamane pubbaṅgamā, paviveke nikkhittadhurā.

「朋友！此处，上座比丘因三种原因而遭呵责。『大师独住而其弟子们不随学远离』，这是其一。『大师说要舍断的诸法，他们不舍断』，这是其二。『他们奢侈、懈怠、趋向堕落、疏于远离』，这是其三。朋友！上座比丘因这三种原因而遭呵责。

Tatr’āvuso, therā bhikkhū tīhi ṭhānehi gārayhā bhavanti. ‘Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṃ nānusikkhantī’ ti — iminā paṭhamena ṭhānena therā bhikkhū gārayhā bhavanti. ‘Yesañ ca dhammānaṃ Satthā pahānam āha te ca dhamme nappajahantī’ ti — iminā dutiyena ṭhānena therā bhikkhū gārayhā bhavanti. ‘Bāhulikā ca, sāthalikā, okkamane pubbaṅgamā, paviveke nikkhittadhurā’ ti — iminā tatiyena ṭhānena therā bhikkhū gārayhā bhavanti. Therā, āvuso, bhikkhū imehi tīhi ṭhānehi gārayhā bhavanti.

「朋友！此处，中座比丘⋯⋯新学比丘因三种原因而遭呵责。『大师独住而其弟子们不随学远离』，这是其一。『大师说要舍断的诸法，他们不舍断』，这是其二。『他们奢侈、懈怠、趋向堕落、疏于远离』，这是其三。朋友！新学比丘因这三种原因而遭呵责。朋友！在这种意义上，大师独住而其弟子们不随学远离。

Tatr’āvuso, majjhimā bhikkhū … pe … navā bhikkhū tīhi ṭhānehi gārayhā bhavanti. ‘Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṃ nānusikkhantī’ ti — iminā paṭhamena ṭhānena navā bhikkhū gārayhā bhavanti. ‘Yesañ ca dhammānaṃ Satthā pahānam āha te ca dhamme nappajahantī’ ti — iminā dutiyena ṭhānena navā bhikkhū gārayhā bhavanti. ‘Bāhulikā ca honti, sāthalikā, okkamane pubbaṅgamā, paviveke nikkhittadhurā’ ti — iminā tatiyena ṭhānena navā bhikkhū gārayhā bhavanti. Navā, āvuso, bhikkhū imehi tīhi ṭhānehi gārayhā bhavanti. Ettāvatā kho, āvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṃ nānusikkhanti.

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「朋友！在何种意义上，大师独住而其弟子们随学远离？朋友！今有大师独住而其弟子们随学远离，大师说要舍断的诸法，他们舍断，他们不奢侈、不懈怠、乐于放弃堕落、趋向远离。

Kittāvatā ca panāvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekam anusikkhanti? Idh’āvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekam anusikkhanti — yesañ ca dhammānaṃ Satthā pahānam āha te ca dhamme pajahanti; na ca bāhulikā honti, na sāthalikā okkamane nikkhittadhurā paviveke pubbaṅgamā.

「朋友！此处，上座比丘因三种原因而遭称赞。『大师独住而其弟子们随学远离』，这是其一。『大师说要舍断的诸法，他们舍断』，这是其二。『他们不奢侈、不懈怠、乐于放弃堕落、趋向远离』，这是其三。朋友！上座比丘因这三种原因而遭称赞。

Tatr’āvuso, therā bhikkhū tīhi ṭhānehi pāsaṃsā bhavanti. ‘Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekam anusikkhantī’ ti — iminā paṭhamena ṭhānena therā bhikkhū pāsaṃsā bhavanti. ‘Yesañ ca dhammānaṃ Satthā pahānam āha te ca dhamme pajahantī’ ti — iminā dutiyena ṭhānena therā bhikkhū pāsaṃsā bhavanti. ‘Na ca bāhulikā, na sāthalikā okkamane nikkhittadhurā paviveke pubbaṅgamā’ ti — iminā tatiyena ṭhānena therā bhikkhū pāsaṃsā bhavanti.

「朋友！此处，中座比丘⋯⋯新学比丘因三种原因而遭称赞。『大师独住而其弟子们随学远离』，这是其一。『大师说要舍断的诸法，他们舍断』，这是其二。『他们不奢侈、不懈怠、乐于放弃堕落、趋向远离』，这是其三。朋友！新学比丘因这三种原因而遭称赞。朋友！在这种意义上，大师独住而其弟子们随学远离。

Therā, āvuso, bhikkhū imehi tīhi ṭhānehi pāsaṃsā bhavanti. Tatr’āvuso, majjhimā bhikkhū … pe … navā bhikkhū tīhi ṭhānehi pāsaṃsā bhavanti. ‘Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekam anusikkhantī’ ti — iminā paṭhamena ṭhānena navā bhikkhū pāsaṃsā bhavanti. ‘Yesañ ca dhammānaṃ Satthā pahānam āha te ca dhamme pajahantī’ ti — iminā dutiyena ṭhānena navā bhikkhū pāsaṃsā bhavanti. ‘Na ca bāhulikā, na sāthalikā okkamane nikkhittadhurā paviveke pubbaṅgamā’ ti — iminā tatiyena ṭhānena navā bhikkhū pāsaṃsā bhavanti. Navā, āvuso, bhikkhū imehi tīhi ṭhānehi pāsaṃsā bhavanti. Ettāvatā kho, āvuso, Satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekam anusikkhanti.

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「朋友！此处，贪是恶，嗔是恶。由于舍断了贪、舍断了嗔而有生眼、生智的中间行道，转起寂止、证知、觉悟、涅槃。朋友！什么是生眼、生智的中间行道，转起寂止、证知、觉悟、涅槃？此即是八支圣道，即正见、正思维、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定。朋友！这就是生眼、生智的中间行道，转起寂止、证知、觉悟、涅槃。

Tatr’āvuso, lobho ca pāpako doso ca pāpako. Lobhassa ca pahānāya dosassa ca pahānāya atthi majjhimā paṭipadā cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattati. Katamā ca sā, āvuso, majjhimā paṭipadā cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattati? Ayam eva ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, seyyathidaṃ — sammādiṭṭhi sammāsaṅkappo sammāvācā sammākammanto sammāājīvo sammāvāyāmo sammāsati sammāsamādhi. Ayaṃ kho sā, āvuso, majjhimā paṭipadā cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattati.

「朋友！此处，忿怒是恶，怨恨是恶⋯⋯覆藏是恶，恼害是恶，嫉妒是恶，悭吝是恶，诳惑是恶，谄媚是恶，傲慢是恶，愤激是恶，慢是恶，过慢是恶，骄傲是恶，放逸是恶。由于舍断了骄傲、舍断了放逸而有生眼、生智的中间行道，转起寂止、证知、觉悟、涅槃。朋友！什么是生眼、生智的中间行道，转起寂止、证知、觉悟、涅槃？此即是八支圣道，即正见、正思维、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定。朋友！这就是生眼、生智的中间行道，转起寂止、证知、觉悟、涅槃。」

Tatr’āvuso, kodho ca pāpako upanāho ca pāpako … pe … makkho ca pāpako paḷāso ca pāpako, issā ca pāpikā maccherañca pāpakaṃ, māyā ca pāpikā sāṭheyyañca pāpakaṃ, thambho ca pāpako sārambho ca pāpako, māno ca pāpako atimāno ca pāpako, mado ca pāpako pamādo ca pāpako. Madassa ca pahānāya pamādassa ca pahānāya atthi majjhimā paṭipadā cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattati. Katamā ca sā, āvuso, majjhimā paṭipadā cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattati? Ayam eva ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, seyyathidaṃ — sammādiṭṭhi sammāsaṅkappo sammāvācā sammākammanto sammāājīvo sammāvāyāmo sammāsati sammāsamādhi. Ayaṃ kho sā, āvuso, majjhimā paṭipadā cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattatī” ti.

尊者舍利弗说此已。诸比丘心满意足，欢喜于尊者舍利弗之所说。

Idam avocāyasmā Sāriputto. Attamanā te bhikkhū āyasmato Sāriputtassa bhāsitaṃ abhinandun ti.

譯案

經中，舍利弗接佛陀說法，點明弟子們所要繼承的法是「遠離」。在中阿含第八八「求法經」中，在舍利弗說法之前，佛陀還說了一個段落：

於是，世尊告諸弟子：「若有法、律尊師樂住遠離，上弟子不樂住遠離者，彼法、律不饒益多人，多人不得樂，非為愍傷世間，亦非為天、為人求義及饒益，求安隱快樂。若有法、律尊師樂住遠離，中、下弟子⋯⋯若有法、律尊師樂住遠離，上弟子亦樂住遠離者，彼法、律饒益多人，多人得樂，為愍傷世間，亦為天、為人求義及饒益，求安隱快樂。若有法、律尊師樂住遠離，中、下弟子⋯⋯」

是時，尊者舍梨子亦在眾中。彼時，世尊告曰：「舍梨子！汝為諸比丘說法如法，我患背痛，今欲小息。」

文意顯得更為連貫一些。

又據英譯本注釋，最後兩段的十六法是對「大師說要捨斷的諸法，他們不捨斷」的詳細說明。此十六法亦見於第 7 經。